| ID | Language | Source Form | Phonological Form | Notes | Cognate Class | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 80 | Hittite | paddai | J |
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| 81 | Tocharian A | rpeñc | (3pl.) | S |
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| 82 | Tocharian B | rapanaṃ | S |
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| 88 | Albanian | GERMOJ | C |
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| 143 | Standard Albanian | gërmoj |
Derived < gërmë 'letter', a borrowing ...
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C |
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| 2 | Albanian Sicily | KAVAR | B |
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| 4 | Albanian Corinth | REMON | D |
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| 3 | Albanian Gheg | GERMOJ | C |
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| 6 | Albanian Tosk | MIN, AOR. MIVA |
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| 110 | Ancient Greek | ὀρύττω | orýtːɔː | Inf. ὀρύττειν (Ion. ὀρύσσειν). | O |
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| 110 | Ancient Greek | σκάπτω | skáptɔː | Inf. σκάπτειν. | B |
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| 32 | Greek | σκάβω | ˈskavo̞ |
Present stem σκάβω backformed to ...
|
B |
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| 31 | Greek Lesbos | SKABO | B |
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| 129 | Classical Armenian | փորեմ | pʰɔɾ-ɛ-m | p‘orem | E |
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| 129 | Classical Armenian | պեղեմ | pełem |
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| 129 | Classical Armenian | բրեմ | brem |
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| 8 | Armenian Eastern | փորել | pʰoˈɾɛl | E |
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| 7 | Armenian Western | փորել | pʰoˈrɛl | E |
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| 128 | Avestan | kanaiti | Ad |
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| 131 | Old Persian | kantiy | Ad |
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| 136 | Sogdian | qn- | Christian | Ad |
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| 75 | Wakhi | PUS- | A |
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| 9 | Baluchi | PHATAGH, KATAGH | split from DKB | V |
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| 9 | Baluchi | JANAGH |
split from DKB, maybe Bal ...
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U |
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| 137 | Zazaki | kendiš | Ad |
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| 72 | Tajik | KANDAN | split from DKB | Ad |
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| 72 | Tajik | KOFTAN | split from DKB | B |
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| 54 | Persian | BILZADAN | W |
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| 77 | Waziri | KANDEL | Ad |
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| 1 | Pashto | KINEL, KINDEL | Ad |
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| 138 | Shughni | čān | X |
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| 139 | Sarikoli | kɛw | Ad |
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| 52 | Ossetic | k'axyn | kʲaχɨn |
maybe the same as Oss ...
|
T |
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| 124 | Ossetic Iron | k'aχ- | k'aχ- | T |
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| 125 | Ossetic Digor | k'aχ- | k'aχ- | T |
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| 105 | Vedic Sanskrit | khánati | Ad |
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| 162 | Pāḷī | khaṇati | Ad |
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| 41 | Khaskura | KHANNU | Ad |
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| 51 | Nepali | KHANNU | Ad |
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| 106 | Assamese | khand | khand | Ad |
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| 102 | Oriya | khoḷiba | khoɭiba | F |
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| 10 | Bengali | KHODAI | split from DKB | F |
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| 10 | Bengali | KORA | split from DKB | Y |
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| 111 | Bihari | khuəb | khuəb | Ad |
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| 144 | Magahi | खोदना | kʰod̪ənɑ | Ad |
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| 144 | Magahi | खनना | kʰənnɑ | Ad |
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| 104 | Marwari | khod | khod | infl. form? | F |
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| 35 | Hindi | KHODNA | F |
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| 119 | Urdu | کھودنا | kʰod̪nə | F |
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| 103 | Sindhi | kharnarnu |
‘to bring, to lift; carry ...
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| 43 | Lahnda | KHODEN | F |
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| 53 | Punjabi | KHODNA | F |
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| 33 | Gujarati | KHODWU | F |
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| 50 | Marathi | khodne | 'kʰodɳe | Ad |
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| 40 | Kashmiri | KHANUN | Ad |
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| 65 | Sinhalese | HARANAWA | Z |
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| 34 | Romani Greece | SKAVO | (B) |
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| 100 | Old Church Slavonic | копати | kɔpɑti |
A possible alternative lexeme would ...
|
B |
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| 95 | Serbo-Croatian | kopati | ˈkɔ̌pati | B |
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| 15 | Bulgarian | копая | kuˈpajə |
An alternative lexeme is 'рия ...
|
B |
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| 92 | Macedonian | копа | ˈkopa |
An alternative lexeme is 'рие ...
|
B |
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| 60 | Russian | рыть | rɨtʲ | O |
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| 60 | Russian | копать | kɔˈpatʲ | B |
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| 55 | Polish | kopać | ˈkɔpaʨ |
Lit. 'to kick a hole ...
|
B |
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| 16 | Belarusian | капаць | kaˈpatsʲ |
An alternative lexeme 'рыць' is ...
|
B |
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| 73 | Ukrainian | копати | kɔˈpatɪ | B |
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| 66 | Slovak | kopať | ˈkɔpac | B |
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| 18 | Czech | kopat | ˈkɔpat |
An alternative lexeme is 'rýt ...
|
B |
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| 48 | Sorbian Upper | ryć | ʀɘ̟tʃ |
An alternative lexeme is 'kopać ...
|
O |
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| 47 | Sorbian Lower | ryś | rɘ̟ɕ |
An alternative lexeme is 'kopaś ...
|
O |
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| 97 | Slovenian | kopati | kɔˈpǎːti | B |
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| 108 | Old Prussian | rawas | ‚ditch’ | O |
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| 44 | Latvian | ròk | Q |
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| 46 | Lithuanian | KASTI | L |
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| 109 | Old Norse | grafa | ˈɡrava | AF grefr | N |
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| 36 | Icelandic | grafa | ˈɡ̊raːva | N |
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| 23 | Faroese | grava | ˈɡ̊ɹɛaːva | N |
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| 58 | Norwegian Riksmal | grave | ˈɡɾàːʋə | N |
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| 159 | Stavangersk | grava | ˈgʁɑ̀ːʋa | N |
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| 157 | Old Swedish | grava | ˈɡraːva | N |
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| 69 | Swedish | gräva | ˈgrɛ̀:va | N |
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| 71 | Swedish Vilhelmina | GRAVA GRAVA | N |
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| 70 | Swedish Uppland | GRAVA | N |
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| 145 | Elfdalian | gråvå | ˈgrɔ̀vɔ | N |
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| 20 | Danish | grave | ˈg̥ʁɑːvə | N |
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| 158 | Danish Fjolde | greev | ɡɹeːw | N |
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| 160 | Old Gutnish | grafa | infinitive not attested | N |
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| 161 | Gutnish Lau | gravä | ˈɡrɑːvɛ | N |
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| 99 | Old English | dilfþ | P |
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| 99 | Old English | græfþ | N |
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| 22 | English | to dig | dɪg |
Prob < OFr diguer 'to make ...
|
(I) |
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| 26 | Frisian | DOLLE |
split from DKB, comp. Fris ...
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| 26 | Frisian | grave | 'gra:və | split from DKB | N |
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| 21 | Dutch | delven | 'dɛlvə(n) | P |
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| 21 | Dutch | graven | ˈɣravə | N |
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| 24 | Flemish | GRAVEN | split from DKB | N |
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| 24 | Flemish | DELVEN | split from DKB | P |
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| 83 | Afrikaans | GRAAF, GRAWE | N |
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| 87 | Sranan | DIKI | (I) |
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| 126 | Old High German | grebit | N |
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| 126 | Old High German | telban | P |
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| 27 | German | graben | 'gra:bn̩ | N |
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| 86 | Pennsylvania Dutch | GRAWB | N |
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| 120 | Luxembourgish | buddelen |
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| 121 | German Switzerland | grabe | N |
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| 107 | Gothic | grabiþ | N |
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| 112 | Latin | fodere | ˈfodere |
fodiō, fodere, fōdī, fossum; identical ...
|
J |
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| 17 | Catalan | PENETRAR | split from DKB |
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| 17 | Catalan | cavar | kə'βa | split from DKB | G |
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| 56 | Portuguese | cavar | kɐˈvaɾ | G |
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| 68 | Spanish | cavar | ka'βaɾ | G |
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| 61 | Sardinian Cagliari | SKAVAI | G |
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| 62 | Sardinian Logudoro | ISCAVARE | G |
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| 63 | Sardinian Nuoro | ISKAVARE | G |
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| 85 | French Creole Dominica | FWIYE | J |
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| 76 | Walloon | TCHABOTER |
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| 25 | French | creuser | kʀøze | < CREUX 'hollow' (Buck) |
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| 57 | Provencal | FURA | split from DKB | J |
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| 57 | Provencal | CAVA | split from DKB | G |
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| 42 | Ladin | CHAVER | G |
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| 146 | Dolomite Ladino | giavà | G |
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| 123 | Romansh | chavar, stgavar | G |
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| 122 | Friulian | sgjavâ, sgarfâ | G |
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| 39 | Italian | vangare | van'gare |
split from DKB, < VANGA 'spade ...
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| 39 | Italian | scavare | ska'vare | split from DKB | G |
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| 59 | Romanian | a săpa | M |
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| 59 | Romanian | a excava | a ek.skaˈva | G |
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| 74 | Vlach | SAPU | M |
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| 127 | Old Irish | claidid | klaðʹəðʹ | H |
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| 101 | Middle Cornish | palas | 'palas | AF palas | K |
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| 172 | Middle Breton | caffaff, cauaf | ˈkaːuaṽ |
Only attested in the Catholicon ...
|
(G) |
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| 172 | Middle Breton | cleusy | ˈkløːðiṽ, ˈkløːsi |
Only attested in a lexicographical ...
|
H |
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| 12 | Breton | TOULLA | split from DKB | (R) |
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| 12 | Breton | kleuzañ | ˈkløːzã | H |
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| 12 | Breton | kawañ, kawiñ | ˈkawɑ̃, ˈkaːvǝ, ˈkaɥɛɲ |
EXCLUDED. Seems to be extremely ...
|
(G) |
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| 79 | Welsh | cloddio | split from DKB | H |
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| 79 | Welsh | PALU (DIG A GARDEN) | split from DKB | (K) |
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| 38 | Irish | tochail | H |
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| 38 | Irish | rómhair | (O) |
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| 115 | Scottish Gaelic | cladhaich |
= Lat. CLADES 'injury', Grk. KALOS ...
|
H |
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| 5 | [Legacy] Albanian T | ME REMIRE | D |
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| 29 | [Legacy] Greek K | SKAPTO | B |
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| 28 | [Legacy] Greek D | SKABO | B |
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| 30 | [Legacy] Greek Md | SKABO | B |
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| 64 | [Legacy] Serbocroatian | KOPATI | B |
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| 113 | [Legacy] Serbian | kopati | kǒpati | B |
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| 89 | [Legacy] Bulgarian P | KOPAJA | B |
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| 49 | [Legacy] Macedonian | KOPA | split from DKB | B |
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| 49 | [Legacy] Macedonian | GREBE | split from DKB | (N) |
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| 94 | [Legacy] Russian P | KOPAT | B |
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| 93 | [Legacy] Polish P | KOPAC | B |
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| 90 | [Legacy] Byelorussian P | KAPAC | B |
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| 98 | [Legacy] Ukrainian P | KOPATY | B |
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| 19 | [Legacy] Czech E | KOPAT | B |
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| 96 | [Legacy] Slovak P | KOPAT | B |
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| 91 | [Legacy] Czech P | KOPATI | B |
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| 67 | [Legacy] Slovenian | KOPAT | B |
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| 45 | [Legacy] Lithuanian O | KASTI | L |
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| 11 | [Legacy] Brazilian | CAVAR | G |
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| 142 | [Legacy] German Munich | graben |
< Pr. Germ. *graban- ‘to dig’.
|
N |
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| 84 | [Legacy] French Creole C | FUYE FWIYE | J |
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| 14 | [Legacy] Breton St | kleuziañ | 'kløzjã |
split from DKB. 'To build ...
|
H |
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| 14 | [Legacy] Breton St | toullañ | 'tulã | split from DKB | R |
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| 13 | [Legacy] Breton Se | KLAUEIN | H |
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| 78 | [Legacy] Welsh C | PALU | K |
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| 37 | [Legacy] Irish A | ROMHAR | O |
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