Middle Breton (all)

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Language list: all
Wordlist: all

ID	Meaning	Source Form	Phonological Form	Gloss	Notes	nCog
82	I	me	ˈmeː	I		1
1	all	oll, holl	ˈolː	all, completely		1
2	and	ha, hag	a, aɡ	and; with	Ha before consonant, hag before ...	1
3	animal	loezn	ˈloeðn	beast, animal	Seems to be used in ...	1
3	animal	aneual	ãˈneːval	animal, beast	Seems to be used in ...	1
4	ashes	ludu	ˈlyːdy	ashes		1
5	at	e, en(n), i, in	e, en, i, in	at, in, while		1
6	back	queyn, quein	ˈkejn	back		1
7	bad	drouc	ˈdruːk	bad, poor, mean	Seems to be used in ...	1
7	bad	goal, goall	ˈgoalː	bad, serious	Seems to be used in ...	1
8	bark	rusquenn	ˈrysken	bark	Derivation with singulative-suffix. The corresponding ...	1
9	because	palamour, palomour, polamour	paˈlaːmur	because of, for	Earliest attestation the Catholicon (1499).	1
9	because	rac	raːk, rak	because, for	Ex.: hon trætit en mat, ...	1
10	belly	coff	ˈkoːf	belly	Earliest attestation in Breton: Catholicon ...	1
11	big	bras	ˈbraːs	big, important, of high rank; greatly, much; strange		1
11	big	meur	ˈmøːr	big, great, greatly; difficult		1
12	bird	lapoucc, labouçc	ˈlaːpus	chick, bird	Middle Breton lapoucc is only ...	1
12	bird	ezn, ezen, ezenn	ˈeðn	bird, chick	Middle Breton ezn is attested ...	1
13	bite	creguiff	ˈkreːgiṽ	to seize, lat. manucapere, to bite		1
13	bite	dantaff	ˈdantaṽ	to bite		1
14	black	du	ˈdyː	black		1
15	blood	goat	ˈgoat	blood, Latin sanguis		1
16	blow	huezaff	ˈxweːθaṽ	to blow, to swell		1
17	bone	askorn	ˈaskorn	bone	According to Schrijver (1995, 53-55) ...	1
18	breast	bronn	ˈbronː	breast, tit	denotes the male and female ...	1
19	breathe	tennaff e alazn	ˈtenːaṽ e ˈaːlaðn	to breathe	light-verb construction, literally 'to draw ...	1
19	breathe	alaznaff	aˈlaðnaṽ	to pant	Denominative Verb, based on alazn ...	1
20	burn	lesquiff	ˈleskiṽ	to burn		1
21	child	buguel	ˈbyːɡel	child, shepherd		1
22	cloud	couffablenn, couffabrenn, coüabren	kuˈvablǝn, kuˈvabrǝn	cloud, heaven	Singulative. Seems to be the ...	1
23	cold	yen	ˈjeːn	cold		1
24	come	donet, donnet, dont	ˈdoːnǝt, ˈdont	to come, to become		1
25	count	niveraff	niˈveːraṽ	to count, to calculate, to number, to enumerate	Seems to be used in ...	2
25	count	contaff, countaff	ˈkôntaṽ, ˈkuntaṽ	to count, Latin computare; to tell, to relate	The Catholicon has also niveraff ...	1
26	cut	trouchaff	ˈtruːɣaṽ	to cut	Seems to be the Swadesh ...	1
27	day	dez, deyz, deiz	ˈdeːð, ˈdejð	day		1
28	die	meruell, meruel	ˈmervǝl	to die		1
29	dig	cleusy	ˈkløːðiṽ, ˈkløːsi		Only attested in a lexicographical ...	1
29	dig	caffaff, cauaf	ˈkaːuaṽ		Only attested in the Catholicon ...	1
30	dirty	lous	ˈluːs	dirty, ugly, stinking		1
31	dog	qui, quy	ˈkiː	dog		1
32	drink	euaff, effaff	ˈeːvaṽ	to drink		1
33	dry	sech	ˈseːx		Catholicon (1499): sec, Latin sicus.	2
34	dull	kizet ?	ˈkiːzet		EXCLUDED. PPP of verb kizañ ...	0
34	dull	dall?	ˈdalː	blind, dull	Listed as meaning in GIB ...	1
34	dull	togn, tougn?	ˈtoːɲ, ˈtuːɲ	flat, dull	Used to denote a flat ...	1
34	dull	dilemm?	ˈdilem	unsharp, dull	Compound di- 'un-' and lemm ...	0
34	dull	taltous ?	ˈtaltus	dull, flat	Also taltouzet, PPP of the ...	0
35	dust	poultr	ˈpultr	dust, powder		2
36	ear	scouarn, scoüarn	ˈskuarn	ear, gills (of fish), handle,		1
37	earth	douar	ˈduːar	earth, soil, ground, territory		1
38	eat	dibriff, dybryf	ˈdibriṽ	to eat		1
39	egg	uy, üi, vy, vuy	ˈviː, ˈɥiː	egg		1
40	eye	lagat, laguat	ˈlaːgat	eye, eye-shaped object		1
41	fall	coezaff, coüezaff, couezaff	ˈkueðaṽ	to fall, to happen, to occur, to expire		1
42	far	pell	ˈpelː	far (distance), long (time)		1
43	fat	lart, lard	ˈlart	fat (noun)		1
44	father	tat	ˈtaːt	father		1
45	fear	caffout oun, aoun	ˌkaːvut ˈuːn, ˈaun	fear	Light-verb construction: caffout aoun 'to ...	1
46	feather	pluuenn, pluffenn, pluenn, plufuenn	ˈplyːven, ˈplyːen	feather	Singulative of plu, pluff	2
47	few	nebeut	ˈneːbøt	little, few, small, a small amount, a small number	Contains the negator nep. Can ...	1
47	few	nep meur, nemeur	nep ˈmøːr, neˈmøːr	but a small amount, but a small number, but little	Generally used with the verb ...	1
48	fight	cannaff, canaff	ˈkanːaṽ	to fight, to hit		1
49	fingernail	iuin	ˈiːvin	fingernail, claw		1
50	fire	tan	ˈtaːn, ˈtɑ̃ːn	fire		1
51	fish	pesq, pescq	ˈpesk	fish		2
52	five	pemp	ˈpemp	five		1
53	float	flotaff	ˈfloːtaṽ	to float	In Middle Breton only attested ...	2
55	flower	bleuzuenn	ˈbløðven	flower	Singulative of blezu, bleuzf, bleuzff	1
56	fly	nigal, nigàl	ˈniːʒal	to fly, to float (in the wind)		1
57	fog	brum	ˈbrỹːm	mist, French brume, Latin bruma	First attested in the Catholicon ...	2
58	foot	troat	ˈtroat	foot		1
59	four	peuar, peuoar	ˈpɛːvar	four (mask.)	peder (fem.)	1
61	fruit	froez, froiz	ˈfroeθ	fruit; result, product; offspring	The Middle Breton form is ...	2
62	full	leun	ˈløn	full; complete, perfect		1
63	give	reiff, reyff, reyf	reˈiṽ	to give		1
64	good	mat	ˈmaːt	good		1
65	grass	gueautenn	ˈgeoten	grass	Singulative. The corresponding collective is ...	1
66	green	glas	ˈglaːs	green, blue, fresh; bitter, hard		1
66	green	guezr, guerz, gwezr	ˈgueðr	green	According to a common opinion, ...	2
67	guts	couraillou	kuˈralju	entrailles, fressure, Lat. uiscera	Often used in the plural, ...	1
68	hair	bleau, bleu	ˈbleo	hair, coat of animal	Collective noun. The corresponding singulative ...	1
69	hand	dorn, dorn, dourn, dournn	ˈdorn, ˈdurn	hand; fist, handle		1
70	he	eff, ef	ˈeṽ	he	Further graphic variants: enff, enf, ...	1
71	head	penn, pen	ˈpenː	head; chief, commander; end, top, aim; person, nobody		1
72	hear	cleuet, clevet	ˈkleːvet	to hear; to feel, to smell	Further graphic variants: cleauuet, cleauet, ...	1
73	heart	calon, caloun	ˈkaːlon, ˈkaːlun	heart		1
74	heavy	ponnher	ˈponːer	heavy; grave, serious	Further graphic variants: ponher, pounher, ...	2
75	here	aman	ˈãmãn	here	Note that Middle Breton has ...	1
76	hit	squeiff, squeyff	ˈskejṽ	to hit, to beat, to strike; to direct oneself, to go away, to leave		1
77	hold	delcher, delchel, delchell, dercher, derchell	ˈdelher, ˈdelhel, ˈderher, ˈderhel	to hold; to keep, to support, to maintain		1
78	horn	corn, cornn	ˈkorn	horn (of animal); musical instrument		1
79	how	penaus, pennaus, penos, penaux, penaulx	peˈnaus, ˈpenoːs	how	Consists of the interrogative pe ...	1
80	hunt	emolch, hemolch	ˈhemolx	to hunt	Unclear if this is the ...	1
80	hunt	chasseal	ʃaˈseal	to hunt, to expel	Graphic variant: chacceal. Unclear if ...	2
81	husband	ozech, osech, ozec'h	ˈoːzex	husband, married man, head of the houshold; man?	Seems to be used in ...	1
81	husband	priet, pryet	ˈpriːet	husband; wife, spouse		1
83	ice	scorn	ˈskorn	ice, frozen water		1
84	if	ma, mar	ma, mar	if	See Hemon (1975, 295ff.) for ...	1
85	in	e, en	e, en	in	E before a word beginning ...	1
86	kill	lazaff, lazaf	ˈlaːðaṽ	to kill, to extinguish (e.g. fire)		1
87	knee	glin	ˈgliːn	knee	Frequently compounded with daou 'two', ...	1
88	know	gouzout, gouzuout	ˈguːðut	to know, to be acquainted with, to be able	Compound of Old Breton guid-, ...	1
89	lake	lenn	ˈlenː	lake		1
90	laugh	huerzin, huerzyn	ˈxwerθin	to laugh		1
91	leaf	delyenn, delyen	ˈdeːljen	leaf (of tree etc.)	Singulative. The corresponding collective is ...	1
92	left	cleiz, cleïz	ˈklejs	left		1
93	leg	garr, guarr	ˈgarː	leg		1
94	lie	bezaff gouruezet, gourvezet	ˈbeðaṽ gurˈveːðet	to lie, to be stretched out, to rest, to lay down	Light-verb construction (bezaff 'to be' ...	1
95	live	beuaff, befaff	ˈbeːvaṽ	to live; to nourish, to make live		1
96	liver	auu, auv, affu, eü	ˈaːvy	liver		1
97	long	hir, hirr, hyr, hyrr	ˈhiːr	long (distance and time)		1
98	louse	louenn, laoüen	ˈlowen, ˈlawen	louse	Singulative. The corresponding collective is ...	1
99	man	gour	ˈguːr	man, servant, person	According to the Catholicon (1499) ...	1
99	man	den, din	ˈdeːn	human being, man, person	Not the Swadesh term if ...	1
100	many	cals	ˈkals	many, much	Can be used with count ...	1
101	meat	quic, quicq, quyc	ˈkiːk	meat, flesh		1
102	moon	loar, loàr, loer	ˈloar, ˈloer	moon		2
103	mother	mam, mamm	ˈmamː	mother		1
104	mountain	menez	ˈmeːneð	mount, mountains		1
105	mouth	bec	ˈbeːk	beak (of bird), mouth; point, end, summit		1
105	mouth	guenou, guenouff	ˈgeːnu, ˈgeːnow	mouth		1
106	name	hanu, hano, hanou, hanoff	ˈaːnv, aːno	name		1
107	narrow	striz, stryz	ˈstriːθ	narrow; strict, severe, rigorous		1
107	narrow	hencq, enc, encq	ˈeŋk	narrow; cramped, tiny; neat, tidy, strict	Ex. pan-æ enc e-n hent ...	1
108	near	tost	ˈtost	near; firmely, close		1
109	neck	gouzouc	ˈguːðuk	neck		1
110	new	neuez, nevez	ˈneːveð	new; recent, novel		1
111	night	nos	ˈnoːs	night		1
112	nose	fri, fry	ˈfriː	nose		1
113	not	na, nac	na, nac	not	EXCLUDED. Verbal negator used in ...	1
113	not	ne (... quet)	ne ... ket	not	Verbal negator used in main ...	1
114	old	coz	ˈkoːθ	old, ancient		1
115	one	un, vn, unan, vnan	yn, ˈynan	one	Un is used adjectivally, unan ...	1
116	other	all, arall	ˈalː, aˈralː	other	arall is the reduplicated form ...	1
117	person	den	ˈdeːn	human being, man, person, nobody		1
118	play	hoari, hoary, c'hoary, hoariff	ˈxoaːri, ˈxwaːri	to play, to play music		1
119	pull	tennaff	ˈtenːaṽ	to pull, to pull out; to reach out for, to direct oneself towards, to withdraw from		1
120	push	poulsaff	ˈpulsaṽ	to push, to incite	In Early Modern Breton also ...	2
120	push	boutaff, bountaff	ˈbutaṽ, ˈbuntaṽ	to push, to hit		1
121	rain	glau, glao	ˈglav, ˈglao	rain		1
122	red	ruz	ˈryːð	red	The Catholicon (1499) translates 'rouge, ...	1
123	right	rez	ˈreːθ, ˈrejθ	right, exact, correct; just, fair; regular		1
124	rightside	deho, dechou, dehaou, dehou	ˈdeːhow, ˈdehaw	rightside		1
125	river	auon, auoun, auonn	ˈaːvon	river		1
126	road	hent, ent	ˈhent, ˈent	road, path, way; way (of doing), method, manner		1
127	root	gruizyenn, gruyzyenn, gruyzienn, grizyenn, grizyen	ˈgwriðjen	root		1
128	rope	cordenn, corden	ˈkorden	rope		2
129	rotten	brein, breyn	ˈbrejn	rotten		1
130	round	crenn	ˈkrenː	round; complete, absolute; clear, abrupt, sudden		1
130	round	ront	ˈront	round, circular	Rarer then crenn, only one ...	1
131	rub	frotaff, frottaf	ˈfroːtaṽ	to rub; to beat, to thrash		1
131	rub	tarauat	taˈraːvat	to rub	Hapax in Middle Breton; the ...	1
132	salt	holen, olen, olèn, hòalen	ˈhoːlen, ˈoːlen	salt		1
133	sand	treez, træz, traez	ˈtrɛːθ	sand; shore, beach		1
134	say	lauarez	laˈvaːreð	to say, to speak		1
135	scratch	criffyat, craffat	ˈkrifjat, ˈkrafat	to scratch	Seems to mean to scratch ...	0
135	scratch	scrapat, scrabat	ˈskaːbat	to scratch, to scrape	Definition given by the Catholicon ...	2
136	sea	mor	ˈmoːr	sea		1
137	see	guelet, gouelet	ˈgueːlet	to see		1
138	seed	hat, had	ˈhaːt, ˈaːt	seed, grain		1
139	sew	gruyat, gruiat, gryat	ˈgwriat	to sew; to fix, to attach, to nail; to pierce, to torture, to make suffer		0
140	sharp	lem	ˈlemː	sharp; quick; certainly, frankly		1
141	short	berr, ber	ˈberː, ˈbeːr	short		0
142	sing	canaff	ˈkaːnaṽ	to sing		0
143	sit	asezaff ? / bezaff asezet	aˈseːðaṽ / ˈbeːðaṽ aˈseːðet	to sit, to sit down / to be seated	The verb asazaff, attested in ...	0
144	skin	crochenn, crochen, crohen	ˈkrohen	skin		0
145	sky	eff?	ˈeːṽ	heaven, sky (?)	Further graphic variants: euff, aeff, ...	0
146	sleep	cousquet	ˈkusket	to sleep		0
147	small	bihan, bichan, bigan, byhan, bian	ˈbijan	small; humble		0
148	smell	santaff, santout	ˈsantaṽ, ˈsantut	to feel by the sense of smell, to feel		0
149	smoke	moguet	ˈmoːget	smoke		0
150	smooth	lencr	ˈlenkr	smooth, slippery	According to the Catholicon (1499) ...	0
150	smooth	levn*	ˈlevn	smooth, polished, even, plain (e.g. of coat of animal)	Not attested in Middle Breton. ...	0
151	snake	azr, aezr	ˈaðr	snake		0
152	snow	erch	ˈerx	snow		0
153	some	bennac, pennac ?	beˈnak, peˈnak	any, some or other, some, a certain	Bennac is used in a ...	0
155	split	feutiff	ˈføːtiṽ	to split		0
156	squeeze	stardaff ?	ˈstardaṽ	to squeeze, to press, to embrace		0
156	squeeze	goascaff, goaschaff, goschaff	ˈgoaskaṽ	to squeeze, to summarize		0
158	stand	bezaff / lesell / seuell en e sav	ˈbeːðaṽ / ˈleːselː / ˈseːvelː en e saːv	to be standing, to stand, to be upright	As in French, there is ...	0
159	star	sterenn, steren	ˈsteːren	star	Singulative. The corresponding collective is ...	0
160	stick	baz, bazz	ˈbaθ	stick		0
161	stone	maen, men, mean, mæn	ˈmɛn	stone		0
162	straight	effn	ˈeṽn	straight, rectilinear	Only attested in the Catholicon ...	0
163	suck	sunaff, sùnaff	ˈsuːnaṽ	to suck		0
164	sun	heaul, eaul, heol	ˈheol, ˈheaul, ˈeol, ˈeaul	sun		0
165	swell	huezaff	ˈxweːðaṽ	to swell, to blow	The Catholicon (1499) has examples ...	0
165	swell	coezffuiff, coezffuaff, couezfuiff	ˈkweðviṽ, ˈkweðvaṽ,	to swell	The Catholicon (1499) glosses: French ...	0
166	swim	neuff, neuf, neu	ˈnøːṽ	to swim		0
167	tail	lost	ˈlost	tail; sleeve, back part		0
168	that	hennez m.sg., honnez, hounnez f.sg., an re-se pl.	ˈhenːes, ˈhonːes, arˈreːze	that	hennez m.sg., honnez f.sg., an ...	0
168	that	an ... se	se	that	The definite article and the ...	0
169	there	vase	ˈvaːse	there (place within sight)	Note that Middle Breton has ...	0
170	they	y, i	i	they		0
171	thick	teu, téo	ˈtew, ˈteo	thick, fat, massive; dense, cramped; well		0
172	thin	tanau	ˈtaːnau	thin, slim, skinny; light, clear		0
172	thin	moan	ˈmoan	thin, slim, slight	Can be used in the ...	0
173	think	pridiri, prydyry	priˈdiːri	to think, to think about, to ponder, to examine, to plan	Well attested and frequent.	0
173	think	soingaff, songaff, songal, soingal	ˈsonʒaṽ, ˈsonʒal	to think, to think about	Well attested and frequent.	0
174	this	an ... man	an ... mã	this	The definite article and the ...	0
174	this	heman m.sg., homman, houman f.sg., an re-man pl.	ˈheman, ˈhoman, ˈhuman, an ˈreːman	this	heman m.sg., homman, houman f.sg., ...	0
175	thou	te	ˈte	you (2. sg.)		1
176	three	tri, try m.	ˈtriː	three	The corresponding feminine is teir, ...	0
177	throw	teurell, teureul, teuleur	ˈtøːrel, ˈtøːlør, ˈtøːlør	to throw, to produce		0
178	tie	eren, erenn, aeren, ereiff	ˈeːren, ˈɛːren, ˈeːrejṽ	to tie		0
178	tie	stagaff	ˈstaːgaṽ	to tie, to tie up, to fasten		0
178	tie	liamaff*	ljˈaːmaṽ	to tie	Used in the same context ...	0
179	tongue	teaut, teut		tongue		0
180	tooth	dant	ˈdant	tooth		1
181	tree	guezenn, guzen	ˈgueːðen	tree	Singulative. The corresponding collective is ...	0
182	turn	treiff	ˈtreiṽ	to turn, to come to mind, to change (opinion, confession), to start		0
183	two	dou, daou m.	ˈdou, ˈdau	two	The corresponding feminine form is ...	0
184	vomit	huedaff, huediff	ˈxweːdaṽ, ˈxweːdiṽ	to vomit	Hapax in the Catholicon (1499), ...	0
185	walk	bale	ˈbaːle	to walk		0
185	walk	querzet	ˈkerθet	to walk, to go, to go away		0
186	warm	toem, tomm, tom	ˈtoem, ˈtomː	warm, hot		0
187	wash	guelchiff, guelhy, guelchy, goalchi	ˈguelhiṽ, ˈgualhi	to wash		0
188	water	dour	ˈduːr	water		0
189	we	ny, ni	ni	we		0
190	wet	glueb, gleb, gloeb	ˈgwleːb, ˈgloeːb	wet, damp, moist		0
191	what	petra	peˈtra	what, why	From pez tra 'what thing'? ...	1
191	what	pe	ˈpe	what, which	Pronoun and adjective, interrogative and ...	1
192	when	peur, pe eur	ˈpøːr, pe ˈøːr	when	Composed of pe 'what' and ...	0
193	where	pelech, pellech, pe lech	peˈlex	where	Consists of pe 'what, which' ...	0
194	white	guenn	ˈguenː	white; happy, beautiful, dear, sweet		0
195	who	piu, pyu, piou	ˈpiuː, ˈpiw	who		1
196	wide	ledan	ˈleːdan	wide		1
197	wife	priet, pryed	ˈpriːet	wife; husband, spouse		1
197	wife	gurec, greuc, grec, grouec, groec	ˈgureːk, ˈgurek,	wife, married woman, woman	The original meaning seems to ...	1
198	wind	avel, auel	ˈaːvel	wind		1
199	wing	asquell	ˈaskel	wing		2
200	wipe	torchaff	ˈtorʃaṽ	to wipe		1
201	with	gant, gand, gat	ˈgant	with; of, through, by		1
202	woman	moues, maoües	ˈmoues, ˈmaues	woman	Has fewer attestations than gurec.	1
202	woman	gurec, greuc, grec, grouec, groec	ˈgurec	wife, married woman, woman	The original meaning seems to ...	1
203	woods	coat, quoat	ˈkoat	woods, forest; wood (material)		1
204	worm	preff, pref, preu	ˈpreːṽ	worm		1
206	year	bloaz, bloz, bloez, bloeaz	ˈbloað	year		1
207	yellow	melen	ˈmeːlen	yellow		1
205	you	huy, hui, hu	ˈhui, ˈhu	you (2 pl.)		1

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