ID | Meaning | Source Form | Phonological Form | Gloss | Notes | nCog |
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82 | I | me | ˈmeː | I |
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1 | all | oll, holl | ˈolː | all, completely |
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2 | and | ha, hag | a, aɡ | and; with | Ha before consonant, hag before ... |
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3 | animal | loezn | ˈloeðn | beast, animal | Seems to be used in ... |
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3 | animal | aneual | ãˈneːval | animal, beast | Seems to be used in ... |
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4 | ashes | ludu | ˈlyːdy | ashes |
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5 | at | e, en(n), i, in | e, en, i, in | at, in, while |
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6 | back | queyn, quein | ˈkejn | back |
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7 | bad | drouc | ˈdruːk | bad, poor, mean | Seems to be used in ... |
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7 | bad | goal, goall | ˈgoalː | bad, serious | Seems to be used in ... |
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8 | bark | rusquenn | ˈrysken | bark | Derivation with singulative-suffix. The corresponding ... |
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9 | because | palamour, palomour, polamour | paˈlaːmur | because of, for | Earliest attestation the Catholicon (1499). |
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9 | because | rac | raːk, rak | because, for | Ex.: hon trætit en mat, ... |
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10 | belly | coff | ˈkoːf | belly | Earliest attestation in Breton: Catholicon ... |
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11 | big | bras | ˈbraːs | big, important, of high rank; greatly, much; strange |
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11 | big | meur | ˈmøːr | big, great, greatly; difficult |
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12 | bird | lapoucc, labouçc | ˈlaːpus | chick, bird | Middle Breton lapoucc is only ... |
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12 | bird | ezn, ezen, ezenn | ˈeðn | bird, chick | Middle Breton ezn is attested ... |
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13 | bite | creguiff | ˈkreːgiṽ | to seize, lat. manucapere, to bite |
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13 | bite | dantaff | ˈdantaṽ | to bite |
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14 | black | du | ˈdyː | black |
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15 | blood | goat | ˈgoat | blood, Latin sanguis |
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16 | blow | huezaff | ˈxweːθaṽ | to blow, to swell |
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17 | bone | askorn | ˈaskorn | bone | According to Schrijver (1995, 53-55) ... |
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18 | breast | bronn | ˈbronː | breast, tit | denotes the male and female ... |
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19 | breathe | tennaff e alazn | ˈtenːaṽ e ˈaːlaðn | to breathe | light-verb construction, literally 'to draw ... |
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19 | breathe | alaznaff | aˈlaðnaṽ | to pant | Denominative Verb, based on alazn ... |
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20 | burn | lesquiff | ˈleskiṽ | to burn |
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21 | child | buguel | ˈbyːɡel | child, shepherd |
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22 | cloud | couffablenn, couffabrenn, coüabren | kuˈvablǝn, kuˈvabrǝn | cloud, heaven | Singulative. Seems to be the ... |
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23 | cold | yen | ˈjeːn | cold |
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24 | come | donet, donnet, dont | ˈdoːnǝt, ˈdont | to come, to become |
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25 | count | niveraff | niˈveːraṽ | to count, to calculate, to number, to enumerate | Seems to be used in ... |
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25 | count | contaff, countaff | ˈkôntaṽ, ˈkuntaṽ | to count, Latin computare; to tell, to relate | The Catholicon has also niveraff ... |
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26 | cut | trouchaff | ˈtruːɣaṽ | to cut | Seems to be the Swadesh ... |
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27 | day | dez, deyz, deiz | ˈdeːð, ˈdejð | day |
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28 | die | meruell, meruel | ˈmervǝl | to die |
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29 | dig | cleusy | ˈkløːðiṽ, ˈkløːsi | Only attested in a lexicographical ... |
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29 | dig | caffaff, cauaf | ˈkaːuaṽ | Only attested in the Catholicon ... |
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30 | dirty | lous | ˈluːs | dirty, ugly, stinking |
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31 | dog | qui, quy | ˈkiː | dog |
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32 | drink | euaff, effaff | ˈeːvaṽ | to drink |
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33 | dry | sech | ˈseːx | Catholicon (1499): sec, Latin sicus. |
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34 | dull | kizet ? | ˈkiːzet | EXCLUDED. PPP of verb kizañ ... |
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34 | dull | dall? | ˈdalː | blind, dull | Listed as meaning in GIB ... |
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34 | dull | togn, tougn? | ˈtoːɲ, ˈtuːɲ | flat, dull | Used to denote a flat ... |
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34 | dull | dilemm? | ˈdilem | unsharp, dull | Compound di- 'un-' and lemm ... |
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34 | dull | taltous ? | ˈtaltus | dull, flat | Also taltouzet, PPP of the ... |
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35 | dust | poultr | ˈpultr | dust, powder |
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36 | ear | scouarn, scoüarn | ˈskuarn | ear, gills (of fish), handle, |
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37 | earth | douar | ˈduːar | earth, soil, ground, territory |
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38 | eat | dibriff, dybryf | ˈdibriṽ | to eat |
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39 | egg | uy, üi, vy, vuy | ˈviː, ˈɥiː | egg |
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40 | eye | lagat, laguat | ˈlaːgat | eye, eye-shaped object |
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41 | fall | coezaff, coüezaff, couezaff | ˈkueðaṽ | to fall, to happen, to occur, to expire |
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42 | far | pell | ˈpelː | far (distance), long (time) |
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43 | fat | lart, lard | ˈlart | fat (noun) |
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44 | father | tat | ˈtaːt | father |
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45 | fear | caffout oun, aoun | ˌkaːvut ˈuːn, ˈaun | fear | Light-verb construction: caffout aoun 'to ... |
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46 | feather | pluuenn, pluffenn, pluenn, plufuenn | ˈplyːven, ˈplyːen | feather | Singulative of plu, pluff |
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47 | few | nebeut | ˈneːbøt | little, few, small, a small amount, a small number | Contains the negator nep. Can ... |
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47 | few | nep meur, nemeur | nep ˈmøːr, neˈmøːr | but a small amount, but a small number, but little | Generally used with the verb ... |
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48 | fight | cannaff, canaff | ˈkanːaṽ | to fight, to hit |
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49 | fingernail | iuin | ˈiːvin | fingernail, claw |
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50 | fire | tan | ˈtaːn, ˈtɑ̃ːn | fire |
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51 | fish | pesq, pescq | ˈpesk | fish |
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52 | five | pemp | ˈpemp | five |
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53 | float | flotaff | ˈfloːtaṽ | to float | In Middle Breton only attested ... |
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55 | flower | bleuzuenn | ˈbløðven | flower | Singulative of blezu, bleuzf, bleuzff |
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56 | fly | nigal, nigàl | ˈniːʒal | to fly, to float (in the wind) |
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57 | fog | brum | ˈbrỹːm | mist, French brume, Latin bruma | First attested in the Catholicon ... |
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58 | foot | troat | ˈtroat | foot |
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59 | four | peuar, peuoar | ˈpɛːvar | four (mask.) | peder (fem.) |
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61 | fruit | froez, froiz | ˈfroeθ | fruit; result, product; offspring | The Middle Breton form is ... |
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62 | full | leun | ˈløn | full; complete, perfect |
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63 | give | reiff, reyff, reyf | reˈiṽ | to give |
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64 | good | mat | ˈmaːt | good |
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65 | grass | gueautenn | ˈgeoten | grass | Singulative. The corresponding collective is ... |
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66 | green | glas | ˈglaːs | green, blue, fresh; bitter, hard |
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66 | green | guezr, guerz, gwezr | ˈgueðr | green | According to a common opinion, ... |
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67 | guts | couraillou | kuˈralju | entrailles, fressure, Lat. uiscera | Often used in the plural, ... |
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68 | hair | bleau, bleu | ˈbleo | hair, coat of animal | Collective noun. The corresponding singulative ... |
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69 | hand | dorn, dorn, dourn, dournn | ˈdorn, ˈdurn | hand; fist, handle |
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70 | he | eff, ef | ˈeṽ | he | Further graphic variants: enff, enf, ... |
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71 | head | penn, pen | ˈpenː | head; chief, commander; end, top, aim; person, nobody |
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72 | hear | cleuet, clevet | ˈkleːvet | to hear; to feel, to smell | Further graphic variants: cleauuet, cleauet, ... |
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73 | heart | calon, caloun | ˈkaːlon, ˈkaːlun | heart |
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74 | heavy | ponnher | ˈponːer | heavy; grave, serious | Further graphic variants: ponher, pounher, ... |
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75 | here | aman | ˈãmãn | here | Note that Middle Breton has ... |
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76 | hit | squeiff, squeyff | ˈskejṽ | to hit, to beat, to strike; to direct oneself, to go away, to leave |
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77 | hold | delcher, delchel, delchell, dercher, derchell | ˈdelher, ˈdelhel, ˈderher, ˈderhel | to hold; to keep, to support, to maintain |
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78 | horn | corn, cornn | ˈkorn | horn (of animal); musical instrument |
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79 | how | penaus, pennaus, penos, penaux, penaulx | peˈnaus, ˈpenoːs | how | Consists of the interrogative pe ... |
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80 | hunt | emolch, hemolch | ˈhemolx | to hunt | Unclear if this is the ... |
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80 | hunt | chasseal | ʃaˈseal | to hunt, to expel | Graphic variant: chacceal. Unclear if ... |
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81 | husband | ozech, osech, ozec'h | ˈoːzex | husband, married man, head of the houshold; man? | Seems to be used in ... |
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81 | husband | priet, pryet | ˈpriːet | husband; wife, spouse |
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83 | ice | scorn | ˈskorn | ice, frozen water |
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84 | if | ma, mar | ma, mar | if | See Hemon (1975, 295ff.) for ... |
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85 | in | e, en | e, en | in | E before a word beginning ... |
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86 | kill | lazaff, lazaf | ˈlaːðaṽ | to kill, to extinguish (e.g. fire) |
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87 | knee | glin | ˈgliːn | knee | Frequently compounded with daou 'two', ... |
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88 | know | gouzout, gouzuout | ˈguːðut | to know, to be acquainted with, to be able | Compound of Old Breton guid-, ... |
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89 | lake | lenn | ˈlenː | lake |
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90 | laugh | huerzin, huerzyn | ˈxwerθin | to laugh |
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91 | leaf | delyenn, delyen | ˈdeːljen | leaf (of tree etc.) | Singulative. The corresponding collective is ... |
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92 | left | cleiz, cleïz | ˈklejs | left |
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93 | leg | garr, guarr | ˈgarː | leg |
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94 | lie | bezaff gouruezet, gourvezet | ˈbeðaṽ gurˈveːðet | to lie, to be stretched out, to rest, to lay down | Light-verb construction (bezaff 'to be' ... |
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95 | live | beuaff, befaff | ˈbeːvaṽ | to live; to nourish, to make live |
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96 | liver | auu, auv, affu, eü | ˈaːvy | liver |
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97 | long | hir, hirr, hyr, hyrr | ˈhiːr | long (distance and time) |
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98 | louse | louenn, laoüen | ˈlowen, ˈlawen | louse | Singulative. The corresponding collective is ... |
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99 | man | gour | ˈguːr | man, servant, person | According to the Catholicon (1499) ... |
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99 | man | den, din | ˈdeːn | human being, man, person | Not the Swadesh term if ... |
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100 | many | cals | ˈkals | many, much | Can be used with count ... |
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101 | meat | quic, quicq, quyc | ˈkiːk | meat, flesh |
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102 | moon | loar, loàr, loer | ˈloar, ˈloer | moon |
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103 | mother | mam, mamm | ˈmamː | mother |
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104 | mountain | menez | ˈmeːneð | mount, mountains |
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105 | mouth | bec | ˈbeːk | beak (of bird), mouth; point, end, summit |
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105 | mouth | guenou, guenouff | ˈgeːnu, ˈgeːnow | mouth |
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106 | name | hanu, hano, hanou, hanoff | ˈaːnv, aːno | name |
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107 | narrow | striz, stryz | ˈstriːθ | narrow; strict, severe, rigorous |
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107 | narrow | hencq, enc, encq | ˈeŋk | narrow; cramped, tiny; neat, tidy, strict | Ex. pan-æ enc e-n hent ... |
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108 | near | tost | ˈtost | near; firmely, close |
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109 | neck | gouzouc | ˈguːðuk | neck |
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110 | new | neuez, nevez | ˈneːveð | new; recent, novel |
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111 | night | nos | ˈnoːs | night |
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112 | nose | fri, fry | ˈfriː | nose |
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113 | not | na, nac | na, nac | not | EXCLUDED. Verbal negator used in ... |
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113 | not | ne (... quet) | ne ... ket | not | Verbal negator used in main ... |
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114 | old | coz | ˈkoːθ | old, ancient |
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115 | one | un, vn, unan, vnan | yn, ˈynan | one | Un is used adjectivally, unan ... |
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116 | other | all, arall | ˈalː, aˈralː | other | arall is the reduplicated form ... |
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117 | person | den | ˈdeːn | human being, man, person, nobody |
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118 | play | hoari, hoary, c'hoary, hoariff | ˈxoaːri, ˈxwaːri | to play, to play music |
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119 | pull | tennaff | ˈtenːaṽ | to pull, to pull out; to reach out for, to direct oneself towards, to withdraw from |
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120 | push | poulsaff | ˈpulsaṽ | to push, to incite | In Early Modern Breton also ... |
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120 | push | boutaff, bountaff | ˈbutaṽ, ˈbuntaṽ | to push, to hit |
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121 | rain | glau, glao | ˈglav, ˈglao | rain |
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122 | red | ruz | ˈryːð | red | The Catholicon (1499) translates 'rouge, ... |
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123 | right | rez | ˈreːθ, ˈrejθ | right, exact, correct; just, fair; regular |
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124 | rightside | deho, dechou, dehaou, dehou | ˈdeːhow, ˈdehaw | rightside |
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125 | river | auon, auoun, auonn | ˈaːvon | river |
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126 | road | hent, ent | ˈhent, ˈent | road, path, way; way (of doing), method, manner |
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127 | root | gruizyenn, gruyzyenn, gruyzienn, grizyenn, grizyen | ˈgwriðjen | root |
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128 | rope | cordenn, corden | ˈkorden | rope |
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129 | rotten | brein, breyn | ˈbrejn | rotten |
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130 | round | crenn | ˈkrenː | round; complete, absolute; clear, abrupt, sudden |
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130 | round | ront | ˈront | round, circular | Rarer then crenn, only one ... |
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131 | rub | frotaff, frottaf | ˈfroːtaṽ | to rub; to beat, to thrash |
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131 | rub | tarauat | taˈraːvat | to rub | Hapax in Middle Breton; the ... |
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132 | salt | holen, olen, olèn, hòalen | ˈhoːlen, ˈoːlen | salt |
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133 | sand | treez, træz, traez | ˈtrɛːθ | sand; shore, beach |
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134 | say | lauarez | laˈvaːreð | to say, to speak |
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135 | scratch | criffyat, craffat | ˈkrifjat, ˈkrafat | to scratch | Seems to mean to scratch ... |
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135 | scratch | scrapat, scrabat | ˈskaːbat | to scratch, to scrape | Definition given by the Catholicon ... |
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136 | sea | mor | ˈmoːr | sea |
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137 | see | guelet, gouelet | ˈgueːlet | to see |
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138 | seed | hat, had | ˈhaːt, ˈaːt | seed, grain |
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139 | sew | gruyat, gruiat, gryat | ˈgwriat | to sew; to fix, to attach, to nail; to pierce, to torture, to make suffer |
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140 | sharp | lem | ˈlemː | sharp; quick; certainly, frankly |
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141 | short | berr, ber | ˈberː, ˈbeːr | short |
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142 | sing | canaff | ˈkaːnaṽ | to sing |
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143 | sit | asezaff ? / bezaff asezet | aˈseːðaṽ / ˈbeːðaṽ aˈseːðet | to sit, to sit down / to be seated | The verb asazaff, attested in ... |
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144 | skin | crochenn, crochen, crohen | ˈkrohen | skin |
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145 | sky | eff? | ˈeːṽ | heaven, sky (?) | Further graphic variants: euff, aeff, ... |
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146 | sleep | cousquet | ˈkusket | to sleep |
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147 | small | bihan, bichan, bigan, byhan, bian | ˈbijan | small; humble |
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148 | smell | santaff, santout | ˈsantaṽ, ˈsantut | to feel by the sense of smell, to feel |
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149 | smoke | moguet | ˈmoːget | smoke |
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150 | smooth | lencr | ˈlenkr | smooth, slippery | According to the Catholicon (1499) ... |
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150 | smooth | levn* | ˈlevn | smooth, polished, even, plain (e.g. of coat of animal) | Not attested in Middle Breton. ... |
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151 | snake | azr, aezr | ˈaðr | snake |
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152 | snow | erch | ˈerx | snow |
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153 | some | bennac, pennac ? | beˈnak, peˈnak | any, some or other, some, a certain | Bennac is used in a ... |
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155 | split | feutiff | ˈføːtiṽ | to split |
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156 | squeeze | stardaff ? | ˈstardaṽ | to squeeze, to press, to embrace |
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156 | squeeze | goascaff, goaschaff, goschaff | ˈgoaskaṽ | to squeeze, to summarize |
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158 | stand | bezaff / lesell / seuell en e sav | ˈbeːðaṽ / ˈleːselː / ˈseːvelː en e saːv | to be standing, to stand, to be upright | As in French, there is ... |
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159 | star | sterenn, steren | ˈsteːren | star | Singulative. The corresponding collective is ... |
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160 | stick | baz, bazz | ˈbaθ | stick |
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161 | stone | maen, men, mean, mæn | ˈmɛn | stone |
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162 | straight | effn | ˈeṽn | straight, rectilinear | Only attested in the Catholicon ... |
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163 | suck | sunaff, sùnaff | ˈsuːnaṽ | to suck |
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164 | sun | heaul, eaul, heol | ˈheol, ˈheaul, ˈeol, ˈeaul | sun |
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165 | swell | huezaff | ˈxweːðaṽ | to swell, to blow | The Catholicon (1499) has examples ... |
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165 | swell | coezffuiff, coezffuaff, couezfuiff | ˈkweðviṽ, ˈkweðvaṽ, | to swell | The Catholicon (1499) glosses: French ... |
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166 | swim | neuff, neuf, neu | ˈnøːṽ | to swim |
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167 | tail | lost | ˈlost | tail; sleeve, back part |
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168 | that | hennez m.sg., honnez, hounnez f.sg., an re-se pl. | ˈhenːes, ˈhonːes, arˈreːze | that | hennez m.sg., honnez f.sg., an ... |
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168 | that | an ... se | se | that | The definite article and the ... |
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169 | there | vase | ˈvaːse | there (place within sight) | Note that Middle Breton has ... |
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170 | they | y, i | i | they |
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171 | thick | teu, téo | ˈtew, ˈteo | thick, fat, massive; dense, cramped; well |
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172 | thin | tanau | ˈtaːnau | thin, slim, skinny; light, clear |
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172 | thin | moan | ˈmoan | thin, slim, slight | Can be used in the ... |
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173 | think | pridiri, prydyry | priˈdiːri | to think, to think about, to ponder, to examine, to plan | Well attested and frequent. |
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173 | think | soingaff, songaff, songal, soingal | ˈsonʒaṽ, ˈsonʒal | to think, to think about | Well attested and frequent. |
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174 | this | an ... man | an ... mã | this | The definite article and the ... |
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174 | this | heman m.sg., homman, houman f.sg., an re-man pl. | ˈheman, ˈhoman, ˈhuman, an ˈreːman | this | heman m.sg., homman, houman f.sg., ... |
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175 | thou | te | ˈte | you (2. sg.) |
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176 | three | tri, try m. | ˈtriː | three | The corresponding feminine is teir, ... |
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177 | throw | teurell, teureul, teuleur | ˈtøːrel, ˈtøːlør, ˈtøːlør | to throw, to produce |
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178 | tie | eren, erenn, aeren, ereiff | ˈeːren, ˈɛːren, ˈeːrejṽ | to tie |
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178 | tie | stagaff | ˈstaːgaṽ | to tie, to tie up, to fasten |
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178 | tie | liamaff* | ljˈaːmaṽ | to tie | Used in the same context ... |
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179 | tongue | teaut, teut | tongue |
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180 | tooth | dant | ˈdant | tooth |
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181 | tree | guezenn, guzen | ˈgueːðen | tree | Singulative. The corresponding collective is ... |
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182 | turn | treiff | ˈtreiṽ | to turn, to come to mind, to change (opinion, confession), to start |
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183 | two | dou, daou m. | ˈdou, ˈdau | two | The corresponding feminine form is ... |
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184 | vomit | huedaff, huediff | ˈxweːdaṽ, ˈxweːdiṽ | to vomit | Hapax in the Catholicon (1499), ... |
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185 | walk | bale | ˈbaːle | to walk |
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185 | walk | querzet | ˈkerθet | to walk, to go, to go away |
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186 | warm | toem, tomm, tom | ˈtoem, ˈtomː | warm, hot |
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187 | wash | guelchiff, guelhy, guelchy, goalchi | ˈguelhiṽ, ˈgualhi | to wash |
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188 | water | dour | ˈduːr | water |
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189 | we | ny, ni | ni | we |
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190 | wet | glueb, gleb, gloeb | ˈgwleːb, ˈgloeːb | wet, damp, moist |
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191 | what | petra | peˈtra | what, why | From pez tra 'what thing'? ... |
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191 | what | pe | ˈpe | what, which | Pronoun and adjective, interrogative and ... |
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192 | when | peur, pe eur | ˈpøːr, pe ˈøːr | when | Composed of pe 'what' and ... |
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193 | where | pelech, pellech, pe lech | peˈlex | where | Consists of pe 'what, which' ... |
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194 | white | guenn | ˈguenː | white; happy, beautiful, dear, sweet |
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195 | who | piu, pyu, piou | ˈpiuː, ˈpiw | who |
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196 | wide | ledan | ˈleːdan | wide |
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197 | wife | priet, pryed | ˈpriːet | wife; husband, spouse |
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197 | wife | gurec, greuc, grec, grouec, groec | ˈgureːk, ˈgurek, | wife, married woman, woman | The original meaning seems to ... |
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198 | wind | avel, auel | ˈaːvel | wind |
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199 | wing | asquell | ˈaskel | wing |
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200 | wipe | torchaff | ˈtorʃaṽ | to wipe |
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201 | with | gant, gand, gat | ˈgant | with; of, through, by |
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202 | woman | moues, maoües | ˈmoues, ˈmaues | woman | Has fewer attestations than gurec. |
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202 | woman | gurec, greuc, grec, grouec, groec | ˈgurec | wife, married woman, woman | The original meaning seems to ... |
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203 | woods | coat, quoat | ˈkoat | woods, forest; wood (material) |
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204 | worm | preff, pref, preu | ˈpreːṽ | worm |
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206 | year | bloaz, bloz, bloez, bloeaz | ˈbloað | year |
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207 | yellow | melen | ˈmeːlen | yellow |
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205 | you | huy, hui, hu | ˈhui, ˈhu | you (2 pl.) |
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Count: 241